Dusty samples from the "most dangerous known rock in the Solar System" have been brought to Earth. The American space agency NASA landed the materials in a capsule that came down in the West Desert of Utah state. The samples had been scooped up from the surface of asteroid Bennu in 2020 by the Osiris-Rex spacecraft. NASA wants to learn more about the mountainous object, not least because it has an outside chance of hitting our planet in the next 300 years. But more than this, the samples are likely to provide fresh insights into the formation of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago and possibly even how life got started on our world. There was jubilation when the Osiris-Rex team caught sight of their capsule on long-range cameras. Touchdown on desert land belonging to the Department of Defense was confirmed by NASA at 10:52 local time (14:52 GMT). The car-sized container had come screaming into the atmosphere over the western US at more than 12km/s (27,000mph). A heatshield and parachutes slowed its descent and dropped it gently on to restricted ground. Asked how the rescue mission went, some of the workers told BBC News' science team that it was "awesome". Scientists are eager to get their hands on the precious cargo which pre-landing estimates put at some 250 grams (9oz). That might not sound like very much — the weight of an adult hamster, as one scientist described it — but for the types of tests the NASA teams want to do, it is more than ample. "Some of our instruments literally look at the atoms that make up the crystals inside these rocks," said Osiris-Rex principal investigator Dante Lauretta. "When you're working at that scale, a single stone is an infinite landscape to explore. We'll be working on these materials for decades and decades into the future," the University of Arizona professor told BBC News. Cleanliness was the watchword out in the desert. When the recovery teams caught up with the capsule on the ground, their motivation was to bring it back to a temporary clean room at the nearby Dugway army base as quickly as possible. If, as researchers think, the sample contains carbon compounds that may have been involved in the creation of life then mixing the rocky material with present-day Earth chemistry has to be avoided. "The cleanliness and preventing contamination of the spacecraft has been a really stringent requirement on the mission," said Mike Morrow, the Osiris-Rex deputy project manager. "The best way that we can protect the sample is just to get it from the field into the clean lab that we've set up here in a hangar as quickly as possible and get it under a pure nitrogen gas purge. And then it's safe." The recovery teams will disassemble the capsule, removing its heatshield and back cover but leaving the sample secure inside an inner canister. Monday should see this canister flown to the Johnson Space Center in Texas where the analysis of the samples can begin. UK scientist Ashley King will be part of a six-person "Quick Look" team that will conduct the initial assessment. "I'm expecting to see a rocky type material that's very soft, very fragile," the Natural History Museum expert said. "It'll have clay minerals — silicate minerals that have water locked up in their structure. Lots of carbon, so I think we'll probably see carbonate minerals, and maybe some things we call chondrules and also calcium-aluminum inclusions, which were the very first solid materials to form in our Solar System." NASA is planning a press conference on Oct. 11 to give its first take on what has been returned. Small specimens are to be distributed to associated research teams across the globe. They hope to report back on a board range of studies within two years. "One of the most important parts of a sample-return mission is we take 75% of that sample and we're going to lock it away for future generations, for people who haven't even been born yet to work in laboratories that don't exist today, using instrumentation we haven't even thought of yet," NASA's director of planetary science, Lori Glaze, told BBC News. — BBC
