El Niño, a global weather phenomenon, looks set to return this summer. The term refers to unusually high surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. The climatic event could have drastic effects from searing heatwaves to stronger storms. Here's how climate scientists predict El Niño will affect global temperatures, weather and marine life. The El Niño climate event is responsible for raising global temperatures and aggravating extreme weather events. It is caused by ocean temperatures and winds in the Pacific that oscillate between warming El Niño and cooling La Niña. This year is already predicted to be hotter than 2022 and the fifth or sixth hottest year on record. The effects of El Niño take months to be felt and may mean 2024 breaks temperature records. El Niño pushes warm water in the Pacific Ocean eastwards, causing the Pacific jet stream to move south of its neutral position. This produces dryer and warmer weather in northern USA and intense rainfall and flooding in the US Gulf Coast and Southeast. In Europe, it can lead to colder, drier winters in the north and wetter winters in the south. During the phenomenon, the global temperature increases by around 0.2 degrees Celsius, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This could mean breaking the crucial 1.5 degrees Celsius global warming limit. "The probability of having the first year at 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next five-year period is now about 50:50," Professor Adam Scaife at the UK Met Office told the Guardian. As a result, the world will face more intense heatwaves, prolonged hot seasons and more powerful storms. Indonesia and Australia will likely experience hotter and drier weather with a greater possibility of wildfires. Monsoons in India and rains in South Africa might be reduced while east Africa could get more rains and flooding. El Niño also increases hurricane activity in the Pacific meaning places like Hawaii will be at risk of tropical cyclones. El Niño also endangers marine life along the Pacific Coast. In normal conditions, a phenomenon known as 'upwelling' brings cool, nutrient-rich water up from the ocean depths. When El Niño occurs, this process is suppressed or halted completely. This means fewer phytoplankton along the coast resulting in less food for certain fish. In March, scientists found that global sea surface temperatures were at a record high. El Niño is likely to exacerbate the situation. Warmer water causes bleaching in coral reefs leaving them at greater risk of starvation. — Euronews
