Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to join Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin at a security summit that is being described as an "alternative" to the West. Members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) — which includes Pakistan, Iran, Turkey and central Asian nations — are meeting in Uzbekistan on 15 and 16 September. The war in Ukraine and growing tensions between China and the West are expected to loom large over the summit. But the spotlight will also be on Modi who is expected to hold talks with his Russian and Chinese counterparts. India occupies a somewhat unique position in the SCO. It's also a member of Quad, an alliance with the US, Japan and Australia. But it has refused to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and has increased purchases of oil from Moscow. Modi is expected to hold bilateral talks on the sidelines of the summit, but the government is yet to confirm this. His attendance is nevertheless drawing attention because this will be the first time he meets Xi since violent skirmishes between the two countries' armies in 2020 . The clash over a long-running Himalayan border dispute left 20 Indian soldiers dead; China said later it lost four troops. The two sides have just completed a fourth round of disengagement at one of the main friction points after a year-long stalemate, according to reports. There is also speculation over whether Modi will have any substantial discussions with his Pakistani counterpart Shehbaz Sharif, who became PM in April. Relations between the two nuclear-armed neighbors have long been strained, and tensions have routinely spilled over at the SCO. In September 2020, India walked out of a SCO meeting of national security advisors, saying Pakistan had used a "fictitious" map of its territory which included Indian states. Relations had already hit a new low in 2019 when India stripped Kashmir — which is also claimed by Pakistan — of special autonomy, and split it into two federally-administered territories. Pakistan's then prime minister Imran Khan indefinitely suspended trade with India. But reports suggest relations could thaw at the summit in Uzbekistan, especially since Pakistan has a new prime minister. In April, Pakistan's foreign minister had expressed interest in resuming trade with India and criticized the previous government for keeping Pakistan "internationally isolated and internationally disengaged". Some analysts say India sharing space with Pakistan at a summit that is, among others things, focused on fighting terror is also odd - Delhi blames Islamabad for funding terror groups that target India. China, Russia and four central Asian states - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan - formed the SCO in 2001 to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security. India and Pakistan joined in 2017 in its first round of expansion, while Iran is set to become a full member this time. The SCO was widely viewed as a countermeasure to limit the influence of Western alliances such as Nato. While its impact has been limited, analysts say its influence as one of the largest trans-regional international blocs cannot be overstated. The group accounts for almost 44% of the world's population — stretching from the Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean and Baltic Sea at the other end — and more than 30% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Over the years, its activities have expanded from regional security to include economics, trade and even law enforcement. Observers say the bloc also has great economic potential with more countries joining as members or partners. But analysts say the bloc remains dominated by China and Russia. Moscow regards central Asia as its sphere of influence but Beijing's economic footprint has also been steadily rising, earning it considerable political clout in the region. — BBC
